Species Extinction Processes and Episodes of the Past and Current and Global Ecological Challenges

  Forest Areas of Pakistan: Growing Threats to Ecosystems and Biodiversity Forest Areas of Pakistan: Growing Threats to Ecosystems and Biodiversity Forests are among the most valuable natural resources on Earth . They regulate climate, protect soil, provide habitat for wildlife, and support human livelihoods. In Pakistan, forests play an even more critical role because the country is highly vulnerable to climate change, floods, and land degradation. Despite their importance, Pakistan’s forest ecosystems are under severe pressure due to deforestation, urban expansion, climate change, and illegal exploitation of natural resources. These threats are not only shrinking forest areas but also damaging biodiversity and ecological stability. Forest Resources in Pakistan Pakistan is considered a forest-poor country , with forests covering only about 5 percent of its total land area , which is far below the international benchmark of around 25 percent considered necessary for ecological b...

                                                 Extinction  is the termination of a  species  via the  death  of its  last member . A  taxon  may become  functionally extinct  before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to  reproduce  and recover. Mass Extinction Events • Mass Extinction : A widespread and rapid decrease in biodiversity on Earth, where the extinction rate far exceeds the background rate.  • Extinction: When a species becomes extinct, all its genetic heritage is lost. The species evolve into new species in order to adapt to the environmental changes or changes in the genetic heritage.  Over 99% of all the species that once lived on the Earth , amounting to over five billion species, are estimated to be extinct. As per the estimations on the number of...